Journal of Hepatology
Article in Press
M. Patrizia Carrieri, Caroline Lions,Philippe Sogni, Maria Winnock, Perrine Rouxm Marion Moram Philippe Bonnard, Dominique Salmon, François Dabis, Bruno Spire, ANRS CO13 HEPAVIH Study Group
Received 12 March 2013; received in revised form 6 August 2013; accepted 16 August 2013. published online 26 August 2013.
Accepted Manuscript
Abstract
Background & aims
We used longitudinal data from the ANRS CO13 HEPAVIH cohort study of HIV-HCV coinfected individuals to investigate whether polyphenol rich foods intake through coffee and/or daily chocolate consumption could play a role in reducing liver enzymes levels.
Methods
Longitudinal data collection included self-administered questionnaires and medical data (ASpartate aminoTransferase (AST) and ALanine aminoTransferase (ALT) liver enzymes). Two analyses were performed to assess the association between coffee (> or equal to 3 cups a day) and daily chocolate intake and abnormal values of AST and ALT (AST or ALT >2.5x upper normal limit (UNL)) (N=990) over time, after adjustment for known correlates. Logistic regression models based on Generalised Estimating Equations were used to take into account the correlations between repeated measures and estimate adjusted odds ratio.
Results
After adjustment, elevated coffee consumption and daily chocolate intake were independently associated with normal ALT (OR = 0.65; p = 0.04 and OR = 0.57; p=0.04, for coffee and chocolate respectively), while only elevated coffee consumption was positively associated with normal AST values (p = 0.05). Nevertheless, the combined indicator of coffee and chocolate intake was most significantly associated with a 40-50% reduced risk of abnormal liver enzymes (p = 0.003 for AST; p = 0.002 for ALT).
Conclusions
Elevated coffee consumption and daily chocolate intake appear to be associated with reduced level of liver enzymes in HIV-HCV co-infected patients. Further experimental and observational research is needed to better understand the role that polyphenol intake or supplementation can play on liver disease and liver injury.
Abbreviations: ANRS, Agency for Research on Aids and Viral Hepatitis, ALT, ALanine aminoTransferase, ART, Antiretroviral Treatment, AST, ASpartate aminoTransferase, AU, Alcohol Units, AUDIT-C, Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test, BMI, Body Mass Index, CDC, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, CD4, Cluster of Differentiation 4, GEE, Generalized Estimating Equations, HCV, Hepatitis C Virus, HIV, Human Immunodeficiency Virus, IDU, Intravenous Drug Users, IQR, Interquartile Range, kPa, kilopascal, OR, Odds Ratio, PEG-IFN, Pegylated Interferon, RNA, RiboNucleic Acid, TGF-Beta, Transforming Growth Factor Beta, TRIPS, Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights
Keywords: Polyphenol, Coffee, Chocolate, Cocoa, Liver enzyme, Hepatitis C HIV
PII: S0168-8278(13)00608-9
doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2013.08.014
© 2013 Published by Elsevier Inc.
