Serum nitrotyrosine and psychometric tests as indicators of impaired fitness to drive in cirrhotic patients with minimal hepatic encephalopathy

Liver International

Volume 33, Issue 10, pages 1478–1489, November 2013

Cirrhosis and Liver Failure

Vicente Felipo¹, Amparo Urios², Pedro Valero³, Mar Sánchez³, Miguel A. Serra⁴,  Ignacio Pareja³, Felicidad Rodríguez⁴,  Carla Gimenez-Garzó¹, Jaime Sanmartín³,  Carmina Montoliu^2,*

Article first published online: 29 MAY 2013

DOI: 10.1111/liv.12206

© 2013 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd

Keywords: 3-nitrotyrosine;  fitness to drive;  minimal hepatic encephalopathy;  psychometric tests

Abstract

Background & Aims

Cirrhotic patients with minimal hepatic encephalopathy (MHE) show impaired driving ability and increased vehicle accidents. The neurological deficits contributing to impair driving and the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Early detection of driving impairment would help to reduce traffic accidents in MHE patients. It would be therefore useful to have psychometric or biochemical parameters reflecting driving impairment. The aims of this work were as follows: (i) to shed light on the neurological deficits contributing to impair driving; (ii) to assess whether some psychometric test or biochemical parameter is a good indicator of driving impairment.

Methods

We assessed in 22 controls, 36 cirrhotic patients without and 15 with MHE, driving performance using a driving simulator (SIMUVEG) and Driver Test. MHE was diagnosed using the psychometric hepatic encephalopathy score (PHES). Psychometric tests assessing different neurological functions (mental processing speed, attention, visuo-spatial and bimanual coordination) were performed. Blood ammonia and parameters related with nitric oxide-cGMP metabolism, IL-6, IL-18 and 3-nitrotyrosine were measured.

Results

Patients with MHE showed impaired driving ability correlating with MHE grade, with impaired vehicle lateral control in spite of reduced driving speed. Patients with MHE show psychomotor slowing, longer reaction times, impaired bimanual and visuo-spatial coordination and concentrated attention and slowed speed of anticipation and increased blood ammonia, cGMP, IL-6, IL-18 and 3-nitrotyrosine.

Conclusions

Impaired mental processing speed, attention and alterations in visuo-spatial and motor coordination seem main contributors to impaired driving ability in patients with MHE. Increased serum 3-nitrotyrosine is associated with impaired driving ability.

Source