Virology Journal 2013, 10:355 doi:10.1186/1743-422X-10-355
Stefania Paolucci (s.paolucci@smatteo.pv.it)
Loretta Fiorina (loretta75@libero.it)
Bianca Mariani (b.mariani@smatteo.pv.it)
Roberto Gulminetti (r.gulminetti@smatteo.pv.it)
Stefano Novati (s.novati@smatteo.pv.it)
Giorgio Barbarini (g.barbarini@smatteo.pv.it)
Raffaele Bruno (r.bruno@smatteo.pv.it)
Fausto Baldanti (f.baldanti@smatteo.pv.it)
ISSN 1743-422X
Article type Research
Submission date 23 September 2013
Acceptance date 3 December 2013
Publication date 17 December 2013
Article URL http://www.virologyj.com/content/10/1/355
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Abstract
Background
Direct-acting antiviral (DAA) agents target HCV proteins; some of these have already been approved for the treatment of HCV infection, while others are in development. However, selection of DAA-resistant viral variants may hamper treatment. The aim of this study was to illustrate potential natural DAA-resistance mutations in the HCV NS5A and NS5B regions of HCV genotypes 1a and 1b from DAA-naïve patients.
Methods
Direct sequencing of HCV NS5A and NS5B regions was performed in 32 patients infected with HCV genotype 1a and 30 patients infected with HCV genotype 1b; all subjects were naïve to DAAs.
Results
In genotype 1a strains, resistance mutations in NS5A (M28V, L31M and H58P) were observed in 4/32 (12.5%) patients, and resistance mutations in NS5B (V321I, M426L, Y448H, Y452H) were observed in 4/32 (12.5%) patients. In genotype 1b, resistance mutations in NS5A (L28V, L31M, Q54H, Y93H and I280V) were observed in 16/30 (53.3%) patients, while resistance mutations in NS5B (L159F, V321I, C316N, M426L, Y452H, R465G and V499A) were observed in 27/30 (90%) patients.
Conclusions
Mutations conferring DAA resistance were detected in NS5A and NS5B of HCV genotypes 1a and 1b from DAA-naïve patients. Although some mutations confer only a low level of resistance, the presence at baseline of mutated HCV variants should be taken into consideration in the context of DAA therapy.
Keywords Hepatitis C virus, HCV baseline resistance, NS5A and NS5B genes, DAA inhibitors
Background
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is classified into six genotypes (1–6) and more than 100 subtypes. The most common genotypes in Western countries are 1a and 1b [1]. Peginterferon/ribavirin (PegIFN/RBV) for the treatment of HCV infection is burdened by adverse reactions in at least 10% of patients [2]. Moreover, a sustained virological response is achieved in only 50% of patients infected with HCV genotype 1 [3]. PegIFN/RBV treatment failure is mainly attributed to its low efficacy against genotypes 1 and 4, but also, to some extent to its side effects [3,4]. Recently developed direct-acting antiviral agents (DAAs) are predicted to have a major impact both in combination with PegIFN/RBV, as well as in IFN-free regimens and telaprevir and boceprevir have now been approved as standard of care treatment [5]. Targets for DAA include HCV NS3 protease, NS5B polymerase and NS5A protein which are essential for virus replication. [6-12].
Nevertheless, the combination of a high HCV replication rate, the low fidelity of HCV polymerase and selective pressures by the immune system and drug treatment lead to the in vivo development of viral quasispecies with high sequence diversity among various genotypes and subtypes [13,14] with the potential accumulation of virus variants showing mutations with varying degrees of resistance to DAAs [11-13,15-22], even in the absence of pre-existing drug-exposure [17,23-26]. In particular, natural changes in HCV NS5A and NS5B amino acids (aa) associated with reduced drug susceptibility have been observed in treatment naïve patients [17,27,28].
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